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The current system for regulating the United States’ use of military force abroad is anything but straightforward. CBO’s Acting Directors have been Edward M. Their names and terms of office are as follows:ĭuring gaps between Directors, the agency has been led by Acting Directors. Since its founding, CBO has had ten Directors. The agency began operating on February 24, 1975, when Alice Rivlin was appointed its first Director. In addition, the law created new legislative institutions to implement the new Congressional budget process: the House and Senate Budget Committees to oversee execution of the budget process and the Congressional Budget Office to provide the Budget Committees and the Congress with objective, impartial information about budgetary and economic issues. That act reasserted the Congress’s constitutional control over the budget by establishing new procedures for controlling impoundments and by instituting a formal process through which the Congress could develop, coordinate, and enforce its own budgetary priorities independently of the President.

The dispute led to the enactment of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 in July of that year. By contrast, the Congress lacked institutional capacity to establish and enforce budgetary priorities, coordinate actions on spending and revenue legislation, or develop budgetary and economic information independently of the executive branch.Ĭonflict between the legislative and executive branches reached a high point during the summer of 1974, when Members of Congress objected to President Richard Nixon’s threats to withhold Congressional appropriations for programs that were inconsistent with his policies (a process known as impoundment). The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 gave the President overall responsibility for budget planning by requiring him to submit an annual, comprehensive budget proposal to the Congress that act also expanded the President’s control over budgetary information by establishing the Bureau of the Budget (renamed the Office of Management and Budget in 1971). Beginning in the early 1920s, the President began to assume more prominence in setting the federal budget.